Génétique

Distance génétique au sein de différentes espèces, en premier, l'homme:

(1997) Barbujani et. al., find a human genetic distance of ,155. There are no recognized subspecies. 
http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/5/398.long

      DISTANCE DE 0.155, PAS DE SOUS-ESPÈCES RECONNUES (on est les seuls dans ce cas-là)

(2001) Kim et. al., find an Asian dog genetic distance of ,154. There are eleven recognized subspecies. 
http://www.tau.ac.il/~geffene/PDFs/15-Mol_Biol_Evol_1994.pdf

(1994) Roy et. al., find a North American coyote genetic distance of ,107. There are nineteen recognized subspecies. 
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415520a.html

(2002) Schwartz et. al., find a Canadian lynx genetic distance of ,33. There are three recognized subspecies. 
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1786/20133222

(2014) Jackson et. al., find a humpback whale genetic distance of ,12. There are three recognized subspecies. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18466230

(2008) Lorenzen, Arctander & Siegismund find a plains zebra genetic distance of ,11. There are five recognized subspecies. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12969463?dopt=Abstract

(2003) Pierpaoli et. al., find a European wildcat genetic distance of ,11. There are three recognized subspecies and five biogeographic groups according to (Mattucci et. al., 2016). 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03382.x/abstract

(2007) Lorenzen et. al., find a Kob antelope genetic distance of ,11. There are two to three recognized subspecies. 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2003.00384.x/abstract

(2003) Pierpaoli et. al., find a European wildcat genetic distance of ,11. There are three recognized subspecies and five biogeographic groups according to (Mattucci et. al., 2016). 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03382.x/abstract

(2007) Lorenzen et. al., find a Kob antelope genetic distance of ,11. There are two to three recognized subspecies. 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2003.00384.x/abstract

(2003) Jordana et. al., find a south European beef cattle genetic distance of ,068. There are eighteen recognized subspecies. 
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=icwdm_usdanwrc

(2004) Williams et. al., find a red winged blackbird genetic distance of ,01. There are twenty-two recognized subspecies.
http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070&type=printable

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2460058?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14655871

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.174.698&rep=rep1&type=pdf
http://sociology.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1043/2008_Reconstructing_Race_in_AJS.pdf

http://collegium.hrvatsko-antropolosko-drustvo.hr/_doc/Coll.Antropol.28(2004)2_907-921.pdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01076.x/abstract

https://lesacreduprintemps19.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/on-the-concept-of-race-in-chinese-biological-anthropology-alive-and-well.pdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tea.3660290308/abstract

http://www.bio.miami.edu/mccracken/reprints/condor-113-747.pdf

http://www.pnas.org/content/92/10/4259.full.pdf

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6228/1352

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815945

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534810/pdf/pbio.0020442.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180234/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951706/

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=icwdm_usdanwrc

http://www.tau.ac.il/~geffene/PDFs/15-Mol_Biol_Evol_1994.pdf

TOUTES LES AUTRES ESPÈCES, Y COMPRIS CELLE OÙ LA DISTANCE GÉNÉTIQUE EST MOINDRE ONT DES SOUS-ESPÈCES RECONNUES.

Variabilité génétique

(1997) Wise et. al., show that the genetic variability within humans is 0,776. There are zero recognized human subspecies.

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/7/707.short

        VARIABILITÉ CHEZ L'HOMME DE 0.776. PAS DE SOUS-ESPÈCES RECONNUES (on est les seuls)

(1997) Wise et. al., find a chimpanzee genetic variability of ,63. There are four recognized subspecies.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Warren_Johnson3/publication/227663576_Phylogenetics_genome_diversity_and_origin_of_modern_leopard_Panthera_pardus/links/53ecffa80cf2981ada112c1a.pdf

(2001) Uphyrkina et. al., find a leopard genetic variability of ,58. There are thirteen recognized subspecies. 
http://www.uff.br/gefras/artigo%2083.pdf

(2001) Eizirik et. al., find a jaguar genetic variability of ,739. There are nine recognized subspecies. 
http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/PUMA_for_Culver_lect.pdf

(2000) Culver et. al., find a puma genetic variability of ,52. There are six recognized subspecies. 
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415520a.html

(2002) Schwartz et. al., find a Canadian lynx genetic variability of ,66. There are three recognized subspecies. 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387512?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

(1998) Paetkau et. al., find a North American brown bear genetic variability of ,5275. There are nineteen recognized subspecies. 
http://bearproject.info/old/uploads/publications/A%2028%20Nuclear%20DNA.PDF

(2000) Waits et. al., find a Scandinavian brown bear genetic variability of ,687. There are nineteen recognized subspecies. 
http://www.eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/ecol406r_506r/garcia-moreno1996-wolf.pdf

(1996) Garcia-Moreno et. al., find a coyote genetic variability of ,629. There are nineteen recognized subspecies. They further find a Gray wolf genetic variability of ,574. There are thirty-seven recognized subspecies. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11472538

(2001) Girman et. al., find an African wild dog genetic variability of ,643. There are five recognized subspecies. 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher_Kyle/publication/12035218_Genetic_structure_of_North_American_wolverine_Gulo_gulo_populations/links/0fcfd50ec27bb60633000000.pdf

(2001) Kyle & Strobeck find a North American wolverine genetic variability of ,55. There are two to three recognized subspecies. 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carles_Vila/publication/12080301_Genetic_variation_and_population_structure_in_Scandinavian_wolverine_Gulo_gulo_populations/links/54f2b60e0cf24eb87949009d.pdf

(2001) Walker et. al., find a Scandinavian wolverine genetic variability of ,325. There are three recognized subspecies. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11050551

(2000) Polziehn et. al., find an elk genetic variability of ,395. There are seven to eight recognized subspecies. 
http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1995/1206/13forb.pdf

(1995) Forbes et. al., find a bighorn sheep genetic variability of ,6235. There are three recognized subspecies.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00852.x/abstract

(2000) Reinartz et. al., find a bonobo genetic variability of ,535. There is one subspecies. 
http://research.amnh.org/~rfr/paetkau99.pdf

(1999) Paetkau et. al., find a polar bear genetic variability of ,68. There is one subspecies.
http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/90/1/108.full.pdf

(1999) Wilton, Steward & Zafiris find an Australian dingo genetic variability of ,445. There is one recognized subspecies. 
http://www.eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/ecol406r_506r/garcia-moreno1996-wolf.pdf

(1996) Garcia-Moreno et. al., find a domesticated dog genetic variability of ,5085. There is one recognized subspecies, and there are many breeds.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391749/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776623/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795070/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933725/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15651931

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028960200137X

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593038/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3938855/

http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/three_laws.pdf

 

TOUTES LES AUTRES ESPÈCES, Y COMPRIS CELLE OÙ LA VARIABILITÉ GÉNÉTIQUE EST MOINDRE ONT DES SOUS-ESPÈCES RECONNUES.

(2000) Turkheimer presents his Three Laws of Behavioral Genetics and explains their meaning.


Turkheimer begins by stating, "The nature-nurture debate is over. The bottom line is that everything is heritable, an outcome that has taken all sides of the nature-nurture debate by surprise. Irving Gottesman and I have suggested that the universal influence of genes on behavior be enshrined as the first law of behavior genetics (Turkheimer & Gottesman, 1991), and at the risk of naming laws that I can take no credit for discovering, it is worth stating the nearly unanimous results of behavior genetics in a more formal manner."






Turkheimer explique les 3 lois du comportement génétique: "Le débat entre l'inné et l'acquis est résolu une fois pour toutes. Au final, tout est héritable, une conclusion qui a surpris les deux camps. Irving Gottesman et moi-même avons suggéré que l'influence universelle des gènes sur le comportement soit inscrite comme la 1ère des lois de la génétique. Cela vaut la peine de remarquer que la quasi-totalité des résultats de la génétique comportementale vont dans le même sens."







The Three Laws are as follows: 

? First Law. All human behavioral traits are heritable.

? Second Law. The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes.

? Third Law. A substantial portion of the variation in complex human behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families.

In short: no one is born tabula rasa.









Loi 1 - Tous les traits comportementaux humains sont héritables.

Loi 2 -  L'effet résultant de grandir dans une même famille est plus faible que celui tiré des gènes eux-mêmes.

Loi 3 - Une part importante des variations des traits comportementaux humains complexes n'est pas expliquée par les gènes ou par les familles.



https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic185351.files/Rushton-Jensen30years.pdf

(2005) Philippe Rushton and Arthur Jensen (author of, "The g Factor") conclude that IQ is the greatest indicator of future success in Western societies when inter-generational income dependence is accounted for.

They also found that IQ is at least 50% heritable and likely nearer to 80% heritable. To draw comparison, height is 70-90% heritable.

During their analysis they concluded that Whites have a minimum of 75% IQ heritability.

http://webspace.pugetsound.edu/facultypages/cjones/chidev/Paper/Articles/Plomin-IQ.pdf

(2004) Plomin & Spinath discuss intelligence in the wider context of genetics, genes, and genomics.

Their discussion is multi-faceted; their analysis illustrates proof of the genetic heritability of intelligence, the immense weakness of environmental explanations for intelligence, changes in heritability during development, a multivariate analysis of IQ and various testing metrics, gene expression profiling, and genomics. 

 
Tout comme la taille, le QI est essentiellement hérité, et pas un fruit de "l'environnement".


This is an excellent compilatory piece.

http://atavisionary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Heritability-of-interests-a-twin-study-Lykken-bouchard.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289609001561

(2009) Rushton & Jensen refute erroneous claims made about the nature of the Flynn Effect and its relationship with the Black-White IQ gap. 

In their conclusions they state, "We conclude that predictions about the Black–White IQ gap narrowing as a result of the secular rise are unsupported. The (mostly heritable) cause of the one is not the (mostly environmental) cause of the other. The Flynn Effect (the secular rise in IQ) is not a Jensen Effect (because it does not occur on g)."

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028960200137X

(2001) Rushton & Rushton show evidence for racial-group differences in the form of brain size and structure, IQ, and musculoskeletal trait variation.

Their analysis shows significant variation in both the structure and sizes of the brains of Negroids, Caucasoids, and East-Asians. In addition to this, they have found differences in the skull shapes and structures of the races, alongside differences in average height and weight and all parts of the bone and muscle structures from the neck to the feet.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289607000244?np=y

(2007) Shatz analyzes the relationship between IQ and fertility. 

They find that IQ is negatively associated with total fertility rate, birth rate, and population growth rate. This means that higher IQ populations are less fertile than lower IQ populations.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289613000470

(2013) Michael Woodley, Jan Nijenhuis, and Raegan Murphy conclude that Western IQs have declined by an average of 1,6 points per decade since the Victorian Era. 

Higher IQ people are more productive, healthier, and are more creative. The reduction in IQs across the West has been met with a marked decrease in average productivity and general health despite vast increases in average wealth, nutrition and access to healthcare. 

Les personnes au QI + élevé sont plus productives, en meilleure santé, et + créatives. La baisse du QI en Occident a causé une baisse de la productivité et de la santé moyennes en dépit de l'augmentation de la richesse, de la nourriture, et des soins.


The cumulative reduction in IQ is between 12,45 and 13,35 points or roughly one standard deviation on a normal IQ bell curve. This represents an eight-fold reduction in the number of geniuses and a counter to the Flynn Effect.

The resultant decrease in IQ is attributed to dysgenics in the form of outbreeding and negative mate selection within populations. The importation of migrants of different races and ethnicities preempts the outbreeding and subsequent loss in IQ. This effect has sped up as migration has increased.

La baisse du QI est attribuée à la dysgénique sous la forme de couples interraciaux. L'arrivée des immigrants de différentes races et groupes ethniques cause des naissances mixes accompagnées d'une baisse du QI moyen. L'effet s'est accéléré avec l'augmentation de l'immigration.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268806252_Inferring_Human_Phylogenies_Using_Three_CODIS_STR_Markers_CSF1PO_TPOX_and_TH01

>Do pigmentation and the melanocortin system modulate aggression and sexuality in humans as they do in other animals?

> In 40 species of wild vertebrates, darker pigmented individuals are more aggressive and sexually active.
> Cross fostering studies and pharmacological dose manipulations establish the role of the melatonin system.
> We review the human literature within and between populations and find similar relationships with pigmentation.
> Darker individuals average higher levels of crime, sexual activity including HIV/AIDS, and lower IQ.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912000840

Chez 40 espèces de vertébrés sauvages, les individus à pigmentation + sombre sont + agressifs et + actifs sexuellement.